Charging for no-shows

I am curious how many restaurants are charging for no-shows? In the past we have always used this as a “persuasion” to encourage people to cancel in an appropriate time period but we never actually charged them. However since 2020 I am finding that more people seem to careless and don’t take the time to cancel. We are a small restaurant and typically can fill these no shows with our waitlist but in the off season it is incredibly frustrating.

Do you do it for groups of 6 or more or any party size?

How has the feedback been once you charge a customer for no-showing? Have you received bad reviews?

Do you offer the customer a credit if they have a valid reason for no-showing to encourage them to come back if they are upset about the charge?